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Scofield Reference Notes (1917) From Malachi to Matthew
The close of the Old Testament canon left Israel in two great divisions.
The mass of the nation were dispersed throughout the Persian Empire, more
as colonists than captives. A remnant, chiefly of the tribe of Judah, with
Zerubbabel, a prince of the Davidic family, and the survivors of the
priests and Levites, had returned to the land under the permissive decrees
of Cyrus and his successors
» See Note "Da 5:31"
» See Note "Da 9:25"
and had established again the temple worship. Upon this remnant the
interest of the student of Scripture centres; and this interest
concerns both their political and religious history.
I. Politically, the fortunes of the Palestinian Jews followed, with one
exception--the Maccabean revolt--the history of the Gentile world-empires
foretold by Daniel (Dan. 2., 7.)
(1) The Persian rule continued about one hundred years after the close of
the O.T. canon, and seems to have been mild and tolerant, allowing the high
priest, along with his religious functions, a measure of civil power, but
under the overlordship of the governors of Syria. The sources of the
history of the Jewish remnant during the Persian period were purely
legendary when Josephus wrote. During this period the rival worship of
Samaria
# Joh 4:19,20
was established.
Palestine suffered much from the constant wars between Persia and Egypt,
lying as it did "between the anvil and the hammer."
(2) In 333 B.C. Syria fell under the power of the third of the
world-empires, the Graeco-Macedonian of Alexander. That conqueror, as
Josephus related, was induced to treat the Jews with much favour; but, upon
the breaking up of his empire, Judaea again fell between the hammer and
anvil of Syria and Egypt, falling first under the power of Syria, but later
under Egypt as ruled by the Ptolemaic kings. During this period (B.C.
320-198) great numbers of Jews were established in Egypt, and the
Septuagint translation of the O.T. was made (B.C. 285).
(3) In B.C. 198 Judaea was conquered by Antiochus the Great, and annexed to
Syria. At this time the division of the land into the five provinces
familiar to readers of the Gospels, Galilee, Samaria, Judaea (often
collectively called \\Judaea\\), Trachonitis and Peraea, was made. The
Jews at first were permitted to live under their own laws under the high
priest and a council. About B.C. 180 the land became the dowry of
Cleopatra, a Syrian princess married to Ptolemy Philometor, king of Egypt,
but on the death of Cleopatra was reclaimed by Antiochus Epiphanes (the
"little horn" of
» See Note "Da 8:9"
after a bloody battle. In 170 B.C., Antiochus, after repeated
interferences with the temple and priesthood, plundered Jerusalem,
profaned the temple, and enslaved great numbers of the inhabitants.
December 25, B.C. 168, Antiochus offered a sow upon the great altar,
and erected an altar to Jupiter. This is the "desolation" of
# Da 8:13
type of the final "abomination of desolation" of
# Mt 24:15
The temple worship was forbidden, and the people compelled to eat swine's
flesh.
(4) The excesses of Antiochus provoked the revolt of the Maccabees, one of
the most heroic pages of history. Mattathias, the first of the Maccabees,
a priest of great sanctity and energy of character, began the revolt. He
did little more than to gather a band of godly and determined Jews pledged
to free the nation and restore the ancient worship, and was succeeded by
his son Judas, known in history as Maccabaeus, from the Hebrew word for
hammer. He was assisted by four brothers of whom Simon is best known.
In B.C. 165 Judas regained possession of Jerusalem, purified and rededicated
the temple, an event celebrated in the Jewish Feast of the Dedication. The
struggle with Antiochus and his successor continued. Judas was slain in
battle, his brother Jonathan succeeding. In him the civil and priestly
authority were united (B.C. 143). Under Jonathan, his brother Simon, and
his nephew John Hyrcanus, the Hasmonean line of priest-rulers was
established, under sufferance of other powers. They possessed none of the
Maccabean virtues.
(5) A civil war followed, which was terminated by the Roman conquest of
Judaea and Jerusalem by Pompey (B.C. 63), who left Hyrcanus, the last of
the Hasmoneans, a nominal sovereignty, Antipater, an Idumean, wielding the
actual power. B.C. 47 Antipater was made procurator of Judaea by Julius
Caesar, and appointed his son, Herod, governor of Galilee. After the
murder of Caesar disorder ensued in Judaea, and Herod fled to Rome. There
he was appointed (B.C. 40) king of the Jews, and returning, he conciliated
the people by his marriage (B.C. 38) with Mariamne, the beautiful
grand-daughter of Hyrcanus, and appointed her brother, the Maccabean
Aristobulus III., high priest. Herod was king when Jesus Christ was born.
II. The religious history of the Jews during the long period from Malachi
(B.C. 397) to Christ followed, as to outer ceremonial, the high-priestly
office, and the temple worship, the course of the troublous political
history, and is of scant interest.
Of greater moment are the efforts and means by which the real faith of
Israel was kept alive and nurtured.
(1) The tendency to idolatry seems to have been destroyed by the Jews'
experience and observation of it during the captivity. Deprived of temple
and priest, and of the possibility of continuing a ceremonial worship, the
Jewish people were thrown back upon that which was fundamental in their
faith, the revelation of God as One, the Creator, to be conceived of as
having made man in His own image, and therefore as having such analogies to
the nature and life of man as to be comprehensible by man, while remaining
the Eternal Spirit, God. This conception of God, enforced by the mighty
ministries of the pre-exilic and exilic prophets, finally prevailed over
all idolatrous conceptions, and this ministry was continued amongst the
returned remnant by Haggai, Zechariah, and Malachi. The high ethics of the
older prophets, their stern rebuke of mere formalism, and their glowing
prophecies of the ultimate restoration of Israel in national and religious
supremacy under Messiah, were all repeated by the three prophets of the
restoration.
The problem was to keep alive this exalted ideal in the midst of outward
persecutions and sordid and disgraceful divisions within.
(2) The organic means to this end was the synagogue, an institution which
formed no part of the biblical order of the national life. Its origin is
obscure. Probably, during the captivity, the Jews, deprived of the temple
and its rites, met on the Sabbath day for prayer. This would give
opportunity for the reading of the Scriptures. Such meetings would require
some order of procedure, and some authority for the restraint of disorder.
The synagogue doubtless grew out of the necessities of the situation in
which the Jews were placed, but it served the purpose of maintaining
familiarity with the inspired writings, and upon these the spiritual life
of the true Israel
» See Note "Ro 9:6"
was nourished.
(3) But during this period, also, was created that mass of tradition,
comment and interpretation, known as Mishna, Gemara (forming the Talmud),
Halachoth, Midrashim and Kabbala, so superposed upon the Law that obedience
was transferred from the Law itself to the traditional interpretation.
(4) During this period also rose the two great sects know to the Gospel
narratives as Pharisees and Sadducees.
» See Note "Mt 3:7"
notes 2,3
The Herodians were a party rather than a sect.
Amongst such a people, governed, under the suzerainty of Rome, by an
Idumean usurper, rent by bitter and unspiritual religious controversies,
and maintaining an elaborate ritual, appeared Jesus, the Son and Christ of
God.